Tangira

Muri 5

1/20

Amatara maremare y’ikinyabiziga agomba kuzimwa mu bihe bikurikira:

Iyo umuhanda umurikiwe hose kandi umuyobozi ashobora kubona nibura mu ntera ingana na metero 200

Iyo ikinyabiziga gikurikiye mu ntambwe zitagera muri m100 keretse iyo umuyobozi wacyo ashaka kunyura kucyo akurikiye acana azimya vuba vuba amatara maremare

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

2/20

Icyapa cy’inyongera kigaragaza ikibanza cy’ingando cyangwa cy’abantu benshi bagendera ku nyamaswa kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Ubururu, umweru n’umukara

Umukara umweru n’umuhondo

Icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo n’ikirango cy’umukara

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

3/20

Ibyapa byereka inkomane y’inzira nyabagendwa n’inzira ya gariyamoshi bigomba iteka kumurikwa cyangwa kugarura urumuri ku buryo bigaragarira nibura mu ntera ikurikira igihe ijuru rikeye:

m200

m 250

m300

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

4/20

Ibyapa byerekana icyago cyidahoraho kandi bigenewe kwerekana aho bagana cyangwa aho berekeza umuhanda nk’igihe cy’impanuka cyangwa hari imirimo ikorwa mu muhanda birangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Umweru n’umukara

Umweru n’umuhondo

Ubuso bw’umweru gusa

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

5/20

Icyapa cyerekana ahantu amategeko y’ Umuhanda urombeje w’ibice byinshi atangirira gukurikizwa, kirangwa n’ibirango (ibimenyetso) by’amabara akurikira:

Umweru n’umukara

Umweru n’umutuku

Umweru n’umuhondo

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

6/20

Iyo akanyabiziga gasunikwa cyangwa ibyo gatwaye bidatuma umuyobozi abona neza imbere ye, uwo muyobozi agomba gukora ibi bikurikira:

Gushaka umuherekeza

Gukurura ikinyabiziga cye

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

7/20

Abanyamaguru batatanye cyangwa bagize udutsiko tudafatanyije gahunda kdi batanayobowe n’umwarimu bategetswe kunyura mu tuyira turi ku mpande z’umuhanda no ku nkengero zigiye hejuru uretse ubutaka butsindagiye butandukanya imihanda ibiri bwo kunyurwamo gusa n’aba bakurikira:

Abanyamaguru bashaka guhagarara akanya gato igihe bambukiranya umuhanda

Abanyamaguru bagize udutsiko tw’abantu benshi

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

8/20

Kugirango ikinyabiziga kive ahantu hari urwondo cyangwa hanyerera bidasanzwe hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bukurikira:

Inziga zishobora gushyirwaho udushyundu

Inziga zishobora gushyirwaho iminyururu irwanya ubunyerere

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

9/20

Ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa ntibishobora gutonda uburebure burenga umurongo wa m 500, iyo bibaye bityo ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa bishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda atonze umurongo utarengeje ibipimo bikurikira:

Utarengeje m50

Utarengeje m100

Utarengeje 150

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

10/20

Iyo mu muhanda, imirimo yihariye ubugari butuma abayobozi bagomba kuva mu mwanya wabo usanzwe kugirango bakomeze urugendo, ahategetswe kunyurwa hagaragazwa n’ikimenyetso gishyirwa aho imirimo irangirira mu ruhande rugenderwamo. Icyo kimenyetso kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Ubuso bw’ubururu ikirango cy’umweru

Umuzenguruko w’umutuku, ubuso umweru n’ikirango cy’umukara

Umuzenguruko w’umutuku, ubuso mu ibara ryera, ikirango mu ibara ry’umutuku n’umukara

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

11/20

Icyapa cyerekana ko hari amabwiriza yihariye mu buryo bwo kugendera mu cyambu cyangwa ku kibuga cy’indege giteye ku buryo bukurikira:

Ishusho mpandeshatu, ubuso mu ibara ryera, ikirango mu ibara ry’umukara

Iishusho mpandenye, ubuso mu ibara ry’ubururu n’ikirango kiri mu ibara ryera

Ishusho y’uruziga mu ibara ry’ubururu ni ikirango kiri mu ibara ryera

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

12/20

Iyo kuva bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibihe bimeze bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200, mu nzira nyabagendwa, romoruki iziritse kuri velomoteri cyangwa ipikipiki idafite akanyabiziga ku ruhande, uretse velomoteri idafite umuyobozi, kandi uburumbarare bwayo, cyangwa bw’ibyo yikoreye bukaba butuma itara ry’ikinyabiziga biyikurura ritagaragara, iyo romoruki igarag azwa ku buryo bukurikira:

Itara ryera riri kuri romoruki inyuma

Itara ry’umuhondo riri kuri romoruki inyuma

Itara risa n’icunga riri kuri romoruki inyuma

Ibi bisubizo byose nibyo

Muri 5

13/20

Birabujijwe kubangamira imigendere isanzwe y’ibindi binyabiziga kubera ibi bikurikira:

Kugabanya umuvuduko kuburyo budasanzwe

Gukacira feri bidatewe no kwirinda ibyago

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

14/20

Uretse igihe hari amategeko yihariye akurikizwa muri ako karere cyangwa imitunganyirize bwite y’aho, ikinyabiziga cyose cyangwa inyamaswa ihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini igomba kuba iri aha hakurikira:

Mu kaboko k’iburyo hakurikijwe aho yaganaga uretse igihe ari mu muhanda w’icyerekezo kimwe

Ahegereye bishobotse akayira k’abanyamaguru iyo umuhanda ugafite ariko umwanya w’ibiziga n’akayira ntube urenga santimeter o 50

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

15/20

Imbibi ziri ku mpera z’ubwihugiko bw’abanyamaguru kandi ziri mu muhanda kimwe n’imbibi n’ibindi bikoresho bigenewe gutuma bagenda mu muhanda nta muvundo zisigwa irangi ry’ibara rikurikira:

Irangi ry’umuhondo ngarurarumuri

Irangi ry’umweru ngarurarumuri

Irangi risa n’icunga rihishije ngarurarumuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

16/20

Iyo ikinyabiziga gihagaritswe n’ijoro ku buryo abayobozi bakigana badashobora kumenya ko kibabereye imbogamizi, kigomba kurangirwa kure n’ikimenyetso cyabigenewe kiri ahantu hagaragara kugirango kiburire hakiri kare abandi bayobozi baza bagisang a, ariko ntibireba ibinyabiziga bikurikira:

Velomoteri

Ipikipiki idafite akanyabiziga ku ruhande

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

17/20

Nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye, itara ribonesha icyapa kiranga numero y’ikinyabiziga rigomba gutuma izo numero zisomerwa nibu ra mu ntera ikurikira:

m150

m50

m20

m10

Muri 5

18/20

Mu mujyi no ku mihanda y’igihugu igenwa na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, ubwikorere ntarengwa ku ikamyo iyo ariyo yose ntibushobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:

Toni 10

Toni 16

Toni 24

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

19/20

Iyo imizigo igizwe n’ibinyampeke, ikawa, amakara, ubwatsi bw’amatungo bidahambiriye, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera kuri m2 na cm75 ariko iyo iyo mizigo ijyanwa mu karere katarenga km25 uvuye aho yapakiriwe, usibye mu nsisiro, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera ku bipimo bikurikira:

m3 na cm50

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Muri 5

20/20

Igihe ikorwa ry’imirimo ribangamiye cyane cyangwa buke uburyo bwo kugenda mu nzira nyabagendwa, ahakorerwa imirimo hagaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:

Icyapa cyera cya mpande enye, zingana zifite uruhande rwa metero 0.30

Uruzitiro ruri ku mpera y’iburyo

A na B ni ibisubizo by’ukuri

Nta gisubizo cy’ukuri kirimo

Umwitozo wa 18

Amatara maremare y’ikinyabiziga agomba kuzimwa mu bihe bikurikira:

Icyapa cy’inyongera kigaragaza ikibanza cy’ingando cyangwa cy’abantu benshi bagendera ku nyamaswa kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Ibyapa byereka inkomane y’inzira nyabagendwa n’inzira ya gariyamoshi bigomba iteka kumurikwa cyangwa kugarura urumuri ku buryo bigaragarira nibura mu ntera ikurikira igihe ijuru rikeye:

Ibyapa byerekana icyago cyidahoraho kandi bigenewe kwerekana aho bagana cyangwa aho berekeza umuhanda nk’igihe cy’impanuka cyangwa hari imirimo ikorwa mu muhanda birangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Icyapa cyerekana ahantu amategeko y’ Umuhanda urombeje w’ibice byinshi atangirira gukurikizwa, kirangwa n’ibirango (ibimenyetso) by’amabara akurikira:

Iyo akanyabiziga gasunikwa cyangwa ibyo gatwaye bidatuma umuyobozi abona neza imbere ye, uwo muyobozi agomba gukora ibi bikurikira:

Abanyamaguru batatanye cyangwa bagize udutsiko tudafatanyije gahunda kdi batanayobowe n’umwarimu bategetswe kunyura mu tuyira turi ku mpande z’umuhanda no ku nkengero zigiye hejuru uretse ubutaka butsindagiye butandukanya imihanda ibiri bwo kunyurwamo gusa n’aba bakurikira:

Kugirango ikinyabiziga kive ahantu hari urwondo cyangwa hanyerera bidasanzwe hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bukurikira:

Ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa ntibishobora gutonda uburebure burenga umurongo wa m 500, iyo bibaye bityo ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa bishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda atonze umurongo utarengeje ibipimo bikurikira:

Iyo mu muhanda, imirimo yihariye ubugari butuma abayobozi bagomba kuva mu mwanya wabo usanzwe kugirango bakomeze urugendo, ahategetswe kunyurwa hagaragazwa n’ikimenyetso gishyirwa aho imirimo irangirira mu ruhande rugenderwamo. Icyo kimenyetso kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:

Icyapa cyerekana ko hari amabwiriza yihariye mu buryo bwo kugendera mu cyambu cyangwa ku kibuga cy’indege giteye ku buryo bukurikira:

Birabujijwe kubangamira imigendere isanzwe y’ibindi binyabiziga kubera ibi bikurikira:

Uretse igihe hari amategeko yihariye akurikizwa muri ako karere cyangwa imitunganyirize bwite y’aho, ikinyabiziga cyose cyangwa inyamaswa ihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini igomba kuba iri aha hakurikira:

Imbibi ziri ku mpera z’ubwihugiko bw’abanyamaguru kandi ziri mu muhanda kimwe n’imbibi n’ibindi bikoresho bigenewe gutuma bagenda mu muhanda nta muvundo zisigwa irangi ry’ibara rikurikira:

Iyo ikinyabiziga gihagaritswe n’ijoro ku buryo abayobozi bakigana badashobora kumenya ko kibabereye imbogamizi, kigomba kurangirwa kure n’ikimenyetso cyabigenewe kiri ahantu hagaragara kugirango kiburire hakiri kare abandi bayobozi baza bagisang a, ariko ntibireba ibinyabiziga bikurikira:

Nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye, itara ribonesha icyapa kiranga numero y’ikinyabiziga rigomba gutuma izo numero zisomerwa nibu ra mu ntera ikurikira:

Mu mujyi no ku mihanda y’igihugu igenwa na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, ubwikorere ntarengwa ku ikamyo iyo ariyo yose ntibushobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:

Iyo imizigo igizwe n’ibinyampeke, ikawa, amakara, ubwatsi bw’amatungo bidahambiriye, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera kuri m2 na cm75 ariko iyo iyo mizigo ijyanwa mu karere katarenga km25 uvuye aho yapakiriwe, usibye mu nsisiro, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera ku bipimo bikurikira:

Igihe ikorwa ry’imirimo ribangamiye cyane cyangwa buke uburyo bwo kugenda mu nzira nyabagendwa, ahakorerwa imirimo hagaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira: